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In mathematics, the Navier–Stokes equations are a system of nonlinear partial differential equations for abstract vector fields of any size. In physics and engineering, they are a system of equations that model the motion of liquids or non-rarefied gases (in which the mean free path is short enough so that it can be thought of as a continuum mean instead of a collection of particles) using ...
Stokes problem in a viscous fluid due to the harmonic oscillation of a plane rigid plate (bottom black edge). Velocity (blue line) and particle excursion (red dots) as a function of the distance to the wall.
Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics.. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets [7]), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed ...
Although this cost structure seems unrepresentative of real life transaction costs, it can be used to find approximate solutions in cases with additional assets, [11] for example individual stocks, where it becomes difficult or intractable to give exact solutions for the problem. The assumption of constant investment opportunities can be relaxed.
For example, capillarity of internal layers in fluids appears for flow with high gradients. [27] For large Knudsen number of the problem, the Boltzmann equation may be a suitable replacement. [28] Failing that, one may have to resort to molecular dynamics or various hybrid methods. [29] Another limitation is simply the complicated nature of the ...
Geometric Brownian motion is used to model stock prices in the Black–Scholes model and is the most widely used model of stock price behavior. [4] Some of the arguments for using GBM to model stock prices are: The expected returns of GBM are independent of the value of the process (stock price), which agrees with what we would expect in ...
Intermediate organization of covalent bonds: Regarding the organization of covalent bonds, recall that classic molecular solids, as stated above, consist of small, non-polar covalent molecules. The example given, paraffin wax , is a member of a family of hydrocarbon molecules of differing chain lengths, with high-density polyethylene at the ...
Chen published a paper in 2001, [1] where he presents a quantum binomial options pricing model or simply abbreviated as the quantum binomial model. Metaphorically speaking, Chen's quantum binomial options pricing model (referred to hereafter as the quantum binomial model) is to existing quantum finance models what the Cox–Ross–Rubinstein classical binomial options pricing model was to the ...