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The history of malaria extends from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent except Antarctica . [ 1 ]
The South African Malaria Initiative (SAMI) was established to facilitate the integration of malaria research and related capacity building in South Africa and the rest of Africa. [ 1 ] Through SAMI a virtual expertise network of malaria researchers was established to more effectively address the problem of malaria.
Anopheles funestus is found in tropical sub-Saharan Africa, its range extending from Senegal to Ethiopia, Angola, South Africa and Madagascar. [3] Breeding takes place in water, any permanent or semi-permanent body of fresh water with some emergent vegetation being suitable, including swamps, lake verges, ponds and rice paddies.
It is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, much of southeast Asia, Indonesia, on many of the islands of the western Pacific and in areas of the Amazon Basin of South America. [5] In endemic regions, prevalence ranges from less than 4% to more than 20%, [7] but there is evidence that P. malariae infections are vastly underreported. [8]
The infection is most prevalent in Africa, where 94% of malaria deaths occur. Children under five years of age are most affected, and 67% of malaria deaths occurred in this age group. 80% of the infection is found in Sub-Saharan Africa, 7% in South-East Asia, and 2% in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Malaria is presently endemic in a broad band around the equator, in areas of the Americas, many parts of Asia, and much of Africa; in Sub-Saharan Africa, 85–90% of malaria fatalities occur. [221] An estimate for 2009 reported that countries with the highest death rate per 100,000 of population were Ivory Coast (86.15), Angola (56.93) and ...
Maureen Coetzee is a medical entomologist, specialising in African malaria vector mosquitoes for over 40 years. She is currently a Distinguished Professor in the Wits Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology at the University of the Witwatersrand. She is a member of the Academy of Science of South Africa.
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen.This parasite is the most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. [2] Although it is less virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five human malaria parasites, P. vivax malaria infections can lead to severe disease and death, often due to splenomegaly (a pathologically enlarged spleen).