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Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.
In mathematical logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables.. What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses on the identification and algebraic description of models appropriate for the study of various logics (in the form of classes of algebras that constitute the algebraic semantics for these deductive systems) and connected ...
Deductive reasoning plays a central role in formal logic and mathematics. For non-deductive logical reasoning, the premises make their conclusion rationally convincing without ensuring its truth . This is often understood in terms of probability : the premises make it more likely that the conclusion is true and strong inferences make it very ...
Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity (numbers), structure, space, and change. It evolved through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects.
First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects, and allows the use of sentences that contain variables.
Foundations of mathematics are the logical and mathematical framework that allows the development of mathematics without generating self-contradictory theories, and, in particular, to have reliable concepts of theorems, proofs, algorithms, etc. This may also include the philosophical study of the relation of this framework with reality. [1]
However, it can also include attempts to use logic to analyze mathematical reasoning or to establish logic-based foundations of mathematics. [165] The latter was a major concern in early 20th-century mathematical logic, which pursued the program of logicism pioneered by philosopher-logicians such as Gottlob Frege, Alfred North Whitehead, and ...
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic . See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms .