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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
Incorrect HTML entity escaping may also open up security vulnerabilities for injection attacks such as cross-site scripting. If HTML attributes are left unquoted, certain characters, most importantly whitespace, such as space and tab, must be escaped using entities. Other languages related to HTML have their own methods of escaping characters.
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 >, although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img >.
Browsers that render some refs in that range as if they were references to Windows-1252 bytes, rather than UCS code points, are doing so only for backward compatibility with pre-HTML 4 browsers that were trying to accommodate authors who were using those refs in an attempt to put certain then-illegal characters (such as the Euro symbol, en dash ...
DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit: Several code generation DSLs (attribute grammars, tree patterns, source-to-source rewrites) Active DSLs represented as abstract syntax trees DSL instance Well-formed output language code fragments Any programming language (proven for C, C++, Java, C#, PHP, COBOL) gSOAP: C / C++ WSDL specifications
There is another kind of character reference called a character entity reference, which allows a character to be referred to by a name instead of a number. (Naming a character creates a character entity.) HTML defines some character entities, but not many; all other characters can only be included by direct encoding or using NCRs.
Although any character can be referenced using a numeric character reference, a character entity reference allows characters to be referenced by name instead of code point. For example, HTML 4 has 252 built-in character entities that do not need to be explicitly declared, while XML has five. XHTML has the same five as XML, but if its DTDs are ...