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Prof. David Baker, a protein research scientist at the University of Washington, founded the Foldit project.Seth Cooper was the lead game designer. Before starting the project, Baker and his laboratory coworkers relied on another research project named Rosetta [5] to predict the native structures of various proteins using special computer protein structure prediction algorithms.
The diagram sketches how proteins fold into their native structures by minimizing their free energy. The folding funnel hypothesis is a specific version of the energy landscape theory of protein folding, which assumes that a protein's native state corresponds to its free energy minimum under the solution conditions usually encountered in cells.
In the less extensive technique of equilibrium unfolding, the fractions of folded and unfolded molecules (denoted as and , respectively) are measured as the solution conditions are gradually changed from those favoring the native state to those favoring the unfolded state, e.g., by adding a denaturant such as guanidinium hydrochloride or urea.
These traits are similar to those observed in the transient intermediate states found during the folding of certain proteins, especially globular proteins that undergo hydrophobic collapse, and therefore the term "molten globule" is also used to refer to certain protein folding intermediates corresponding to the narrowing region of the folding ...
DOPE, or Discrete Optimized Protein Energy, [1] is a statistical potential used to assess homology models in protein structure prediction.DOPE is based on an improved reference state that corresponds to noninteracting atoms in a homogeneous sphere with the radius dependent on a sample native structure; it thus accounts for the finite and spherical shape of the native structures.
Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances. [42] There is no such thing as an "alpha" in a wolf pack. An early study that coined the term "alpha wolf" had only ...
For bodybuilders, whey protein provides amino acids used to aid in muscle recovery. [15] Whey protein is derived from the process of making cheese from milk. There are three types of whey protein: whey concentrate, whey isolate, and whey hydrolysate. Whey concentrate is 29–89% protein by weight whereas whey isolate is 90%+ protein by weight.
The Atwater system, [1] named after Wilbur Olin Atwater, or derivatives of this system are used for the calculation of the available energy of foods.The system was developed largely from the experimental studies of Atwater and his colleagues in the later part of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.