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Despite marked systemic inflammation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is paradoxically depressed, caused by low fibrinogen levels. The low ESR helps to distinguish the disorder from a flare of the underlying rheumatic disorder, in which case the ESR is usually elevated. A bone marrow biopsy or aspirate usually shows hemophagocytosis.
These inflammatory cytokines cannot be cleared and inflammatory mediators cause fever, cytopenias, coagulopathy, and central nervous system inflammation, which can progress to sepsis-like pathophysiology, shock, and death. The progression of macrophage activation in the context of rheumatic diseases is historically called MAS, and in the ...
In rheumatic diseases, this syndrome is more often referred to as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and occurs most frequently in the juvenile onset and adult onset forms of Still's disease and in systemic lupus erythematosus. It occurs rarely in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile Kawasaki disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. [7]
Sudden death syndrome SHF Systolic heart failure: SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome: SIRS Systemic inflammatory response syndrome: SIS Shaken infant syndrome: SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus: SM Selective Mutism: SJS Stevens–Johnson syndrome: SMA Spinal muscular atrophy: SMD Sensory modulation disorder SMEI Severe myoclonic epilepsy of ...
In macrophages, the ability of phagocytosis is reduced and the M2 phenotype of macrophages (alternatively activated) is promoted. [13] Immunosenescence also results in increased production of some immune mediators, such as proinflammatory IL-6 [14] or IL-1. There may also be higher production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 or IL-4. [12]
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
M1 macrophages: as mentioned earlier (previously referred to as classically activated macrophages), [54] M1 "killer" macrophages are activated by LPS and IFN-gamma, and secrete high levels of IL-12 and low levels of IL-10. M1 macrophages have pro-inflammatory, bactericidal, and phagocytic functions. [55]
The primary cause triggers an uncontrolled inflammatory response. [citation needed] Sepsis is the most common cause of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and may result in septic shock. In the absence of infection, a sepsis-like disorder is termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Both SIRS and sepsis could ultimately progress to ...