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A solution in radicals or algebraic solution is an expression of a solution of a polynomial equation that is algebraic, that is, relies only on addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to integer powers, and extraction of n th roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.). A well-known example is the quadratic formula
In the case of two nested square roots, the following theorem completely solves the problem of denesting. [2]If a and c are rational numbers and c is not the square of a rational number, there are two rational numbers x and y such that + = if and only if is the square of a rational number d.
In mathematics, to solve an equation is to find its solutions, which are the values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) that fulfill the condition stated by the equation, consisting generally of two expressions related by an equals sign. When seeking a solution, one or more variables are designated as unknowns. A solution is an assignment of ...
Plot of the Bring radical for real argument. In algebra, the Bring radical or ultraradical of a real number a is the unique real root of the polynomial + +.. The Bring radical of a complex number a is either any of the five roots of the above polynomial (it is thus multi-valued), or a specific root, which is usually chosen such that the Bring radical is real-valued for real a and is an ...
The second step applies the Gauss-Newton algorithm to solve the overdetermined system for the distinct roots. The sensitivity of multiple roots can be regularized due to a geometric property of multiple roots discovered by William Kahan (1972) and the overdetermined system model ( ∗ ) {\displaystyle (*)} maintains the multiplicities m 1 ...
The next step is to insert a variable y into the perfect square on the left side of equation , and a corresponding 2y into the coefficient of u 2 in the right side. To accomplish these insertions, the following valid formulas will be added to equation ( 2 ),
To work with a polynomial system whose coefficients belong to a number field, it suffices to consider this generator as a new variable and to add the equation of the generator to the equations of the system. Thus solving a polynomial system over a number field is reduced to solving another system over the rational numbers.
The radical of an algebraic group is the identity component of its maximal normal solvable subgroup.For example, the radical of the general linear group (for a field K) is the subgroup consisting of scalar matrices, i.e. matrices () with = = and = for .