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New Zealand Steel steel complex, fed by direct reduction rotary furnaces (SL/RN process) [1] (capacity 650,000 t/year). [2]In the iron and steel industry, direct reduction is a set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore, by reducing iron oxides without melting the metal.
Direct reduction refers to solid-state processes which reduce iron oxides to metallic iron at temperatures below the melting point of iron. Reduced iron derives its name from these processes, one example being heating iron ore in a furnace at a high temperature of 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F) in the presence of the reducing gas syngas ...
Direct reduction is the fraction of iron oxide reduction that occurs in a blast furnace due to the presence of coke carbon, while the remainder - indirect reduction - consists mainly of carbon monoxide from coke combustion. It should also be noted that many non-ferrous oxides are reduced by this type of reaction in a blast furnace.
In a blast furnace, iron oxides are reduced by a combination of CO, H 2, and carbon. Only around 10% of the iron oxides are reduced by H 2. With H 2 enrichment, the proportion of iron oxides reduced by H 2 is increased, consuming less carbon is consumed and emitting less CO 2. [47] This process can reduce emissions by an estimated 20% ...
The reduced iron agglomerates into 3 to 8 mm metal nodules called Luppen. If the infusibility of the gangue is high, the temperature must be increased, up to 1,400 °C for a basic charge. [22] It is crucial to control the gangue's hot viscosity. [9] Among rotary drum direct reduction processes, it stands out for using high temperatures.
Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting, in which the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment (often provided by carbon monoxide, made by incomplete combustion in an air-starved furnace) pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal.
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, [1] [2] [3] and in 1954 U.S. patent 2845386A was awarded to Carl Marcus Olson for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a molten salt reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.
Carbothermal reduction of molten potassium nitrate with charcoal to potassium nitrite. Carbothermic reactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O 2-), using carbon (C) as the reducing agent. The reduction is usually conducted in the electric arc furnace or reverberatory furnace, depending on the metal ore.