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The MPT is a mean-variance theory, and it compares the expected (mean) return of a portfolio with the standard deviation of the same portfolio. The image shows expected return on the vertical axis, and the standard deviation on the horizontal axis (volatility). Volatility is described by standard deviation and it serves as a measure of risk. [7]
R M = return on the market portfolio σ M = standard deviation of the market portfolio σ P = standard deviation of portfolio (R M – I RF)/σ M is the slope of CML. (R M – I RF) is a measure of the risk premium, or the reward for holding risky portfolio instead of risk-free portfolio. σ M is the risk of the market portfolio. Therefore, the ...
In modern portfolio theory, the efficient frontier (or portfolio frontier) is an investment portfolio which occupies the "efficient" parts of the risk–return spectrum. Formally, it is the set of portfolios which satisfy the condition that no other portfolio exists with a higher expected return but with the same standard deviation of return (i ...
By defining investment risk in quantitative terms, Markowitz gave investors a mathematical approach to asset-selection and portfolio management. But there are important limitations to the original MPT formulation. Two major limitations of MPT are its assumptions that: the variance [1] of portfolio returns is the correct measure of investment ...
A mean-standard deviation indifference curve is defined as the locus of points (σ w, μ w) with σ w plotted horizontally, such that Eu(w) has the same value at all points on the locus. Then the derivatives of v imply that every indifference curve is upward sloped: that is, along any indifference curve dμ w / d σ w > 0.
If Portfolio A has an expected return of 10% and standard deviation of 15%, while portfolio B has a mean return of 8% and a standard deviation of 5%, and the investor is willing to invest in a portfolio that maximizes the probability of a return no lower than 0%: SFRatio(A) = 10 − 0 / 15 = 0.67, SFRatio(B) = 8 − 0 / 5 = 1.6
When comparing two assets, the one with a higher Sharpe ratio appears to provide better return for the same risk, which is usually attractive to investors. [3] However, financial assets are often not normally distributed, so that standard deviation does not capture all aspects of risk.
The standard deviation is a deviation risk measure. To avoid any confusion, note that deviation risk measures, such as variance and standard deviation are sometimes called risk measures in different fields.