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Bile acid malabsorption (BAM), known also as bile acid diarrhea, is a cause of several gut-related problems, the main one being chronic diarrhea.It has also been called bile acid-induced diarrhea, cholerheic or choleretic enteropathy, bile salt diarrhea or bile salt malabsorption.
These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, [ 4 ] and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water.
Chronic diarrhea may be caused by excess bile salts entering the colon rather than being absorbed at the end of the small intestine (the ileum). This condition of bile acid malabsorption occurs after surgery to the ileum , in Crohn's disease , with a number of other gastrointestinal causes, or is commonly a primary, idiopathic condition.
Specific vitamins like vitamin D or micronutrient like zinc levels can be checked. Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) are affected in fat malabsorption. Prolonged prothrombin time can be caused by vitamin K deficiency. [citation needed] Serological studies. Specific tests are carried out to determine the underlying cause.
The digestion products consisting of a mixture of tri-, di- and monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which, together with the other fat soluble contents of the diet (e.g. the fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol) and bile salts form mixed micelles, in the watery duodenal contents (see diagrams on the right).
Bile salt hydrolases are members of the N-terminal nucleophilic hydrolase family, characterized by autocatalytic activation by an N-terminal nucleophile and subsequent amide bond cleavage. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] The majority of BSH enzymes are composed of homotetramers , although they have been known to assume other forms including homodimers and ...
Bile salts interfere with the gastric mucosal barrier, allowing acid to irritate the stomach lining and cause gastritis. [1] Dogs with this condition usually vomit in the morning after not eating all night. Treatment is to feed late at night. H2 blockers and antiemetics can also be used. Bilious vomiting syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion ...
Discoid lupus erythematosus is an uncommon autoimmune disease of the skin in dogs. It does not progress to systemic lupus erythematosus in dogs. The most common initial symptom is scaling and loss of pigment on the nose. [34] Juvenile cellulitis, also known as puppy strangles, is a disease that affects puppies. Its cause is unknown, but it is ...