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These conjugated bile acids are often referred to as bile salts. The pKa of the unconjugated bile acids are between 5 and 6.5, [ 4 ] and the pH of the duodenum ranges between 3 and 5, so when unconjugated bile acids are in the duodenum, they are almost always protonated (HA form), which makes them relatively insoluble in water.
Taurine (/ ˈ t ɔː r iː n /), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic naturally occurring amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. [1] It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight.
Additionally the composition of biliary sludge has been suggested to encourage the formation of a mucocele. Biliary sludge occurs when more water or mucin is reabsorbed and there is excessive bile salts. As this progresses more water is increased causing the contents to become more solid and severely decrease the motility of the gallbladder [7]
Like other bile acids, it can be conjugated with taurine or glycine, forming taurochenodeoxycholate or glycochenodeoxycholate. Conjugation results in a lower pK a . This results in the conjugated bile acids being ionized at the usual pH in the intestine , and staying in the gastrointestinal tract until reaching the ileum to be reabsorbed.
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In the human liver, bile is composed of 97–98% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/L inorganic salts. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The two main pigments of bile are bilirubin , which is orange-yellow, and its oxidised form biliverdin , which is green.
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Certain choline salts are used to supplement chicken, turkey and some other animal feeds. Some salts are also used as industrial chemicals: for example, in photolithography to remove photoresist. [2] Choline theophyllinate and choline salicylate are used as medicines, [2] [44] as well as structural analogs, like methacholine and carbachol. [45]