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In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram of objects, also known as vertices, and morphisms, also known as arrows or edges, such that when selecting two objects any directed path through the diagram leads to the same result by composition.
Algebraic link diagram for the Borromean rings. The vertical dotted black midline is a Conway sphere separating the diagram into 2-tangles. In knot theory, the Borromean rings are a simple example of a Brunnian link, a link that cannot be separated but that falls apart into separate unknotted loops as soon as any one of its components is ...
An order-4 Venn diagram, which can be interpreted as a subdivision drawing of a hypergraph with 15 vertices (the 15 colored regions) and 4 hyperedges (the 4 ellipses). In another style of hypergraph visualization, the subdivision model of hypergraph drawing, [ 25 ] the plane is subdivided into regions, each of which represents a single vertex ...
In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. [1] It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is ...
IC with complex circuits require multiple levels of interconnect to form circuits that have minimal area. As of 2018, the most complex ICs may have over 15 layers of interconnect. Each level of interconnect is separated from each other by a layer of dielectric. To make vertical connections between interconnects on different levels, vias are used.
Frequently the word link is used to describe any submanifold of the sphere diffeomorphic to a disjoint union of a finite number of spheres, .. In full generality, the word link is essentially the same as the word knot – the context is that one has a submanifold M of a manifold N (considered to be trivially embedded) and a non-trivial embedding of M in N, non-trivial in the sense that the 2nd ...
GeoGebra is an interactive mathematics software suite for learning and teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics from primary school up to the university level. Constructions can be made with points, vectors, segments, lines, polygons, conic sections, inequalities, implicit polynomials and functions, all of which can be edited ...
In power engineering, the power-flow study, or load-flow study, is a numerical analysis of the flow of electric power in an interconnected system. A power-flow study usually uses simplified notations such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various aspects of AC power parameters, such as Voltage, voltage angles, real power and reactive power.