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While the human brain is dominated by a large visual cortex, the dog brain is dominated by a large olfactory cortex. [28] Dogs have roughly forty times more smell-sensitive receptors than humans, ranging from about 125 million to nearly 300 million in some dog breeds, such as bloodhounds. [28]
The proportion of olfactory epithelium compared to respiratory epithelium (not innervated, or supplied with nerves) gives an indication of the animal's olfactory sensitivity. Humans have about 10 cm 2 (1.6 sq in) of olfactory epithelium, whereas some dogs have 170 cm 2 (26 sq in). A dog's olfactory epithelium is also considerably more densely ...
Dogs have a significantly larger olfactory epithelium with 30 percent more olfactory receptors than humans. [24] Having more olfactory receptors that can recognize a much larger variety of odorants. Dogs rely on sniffing to gather past information on their surrounding environment though odor detection and identification allowing them to ...
It has been proposed that, in an olfactory environment typically composed of multiple odor components (e.g., odor of a dog entering a kitchen that contains a background coffee odor), feedback from the olfactory cortex to the olfactory bulb [26] suppresses the pre-existing odor background (e.g., coffee) via olfactory adaptation, [27] so that the ...
Humans have about 10 cm 2 (1.6 sq in) of olfactory epithelium, whereas some dogs have 170 cm 2 (26 sq in). A dog's olfactory epithelium is also considerably more densely innervated, with a hundred times more receptors per square centimeter. [48] The sensory olfactory system integrates with other senses to form the perception of flavor. [18]
The olfactory receptor gene family in vertebrates has been shown to evolve through genomic events such as gene duplication and gene conversion. [37] Evidence of a role for tandem duplication is provided the fact that many olfactory receptor genes belonging to the same phylogenetic clade are located in the same gene cluster. [38]
Dogs show human-like social cognition in various ways. [8] [9] [31] For example, dogs can react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and they also understand human voice commands. [32] In one study, puppies were presented with a box, and shown that, when a handler pressed a lever, a ball would roll out of the box.
Unlike the main olfactory bulb that sends neuronal signals to the olfactory cortex, the VNO sends neuronal signals to the accessory olfactory bulb and then to the amygdala, BNST, and ultimately hypothalamus. Since the hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine center (affecting aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as other ...