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  2. List of minerals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals

    Amethyst crystals – a purple quartz Apophyllite crystals sitting right beside a cluster of peachy bowtie stilbite Aquamarine variety of beryl with tourmaline on orthoclase Arsenopyrite from Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua, Mexico Aurichalcite needles spraying out within a protected pocket lined by bladed calcite crystals Austinite from the Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico Ametrine ...

  3. Quark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

    A quark (/ k w ɔːr k, k w ɑːr k /) is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. [1] All commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks and electrons.

  4. List of quasiparticles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles

    Quasiparticles Quasiparticle Signification Underlying particles Anyon: A type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons.

  5. Generation (particle physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_(particle_physics)

    The lower bound for a fourth generation of quark (b′, t′) masses is currently at 1.4 TeV from experiments at the LHC. [ 10 ] The lower bound for a fourth generation neutrino ( ν' τ ) mass is currently at about 60 GeV (millions of times larger than the upper bound for the other 3 neutrino masses).

  6. Eta and eta prime mesons - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_and_eta_prime_mesons

    However, the electroweak interaction – which can transform one flavour of quark into another – causes a small but significant amount of "mixing" of the eigenstates (with mixing angle θ P = −11.5°), [11] so that the actual quark composition is a linear combination of these formulae. That is:

  7. Tetraquark - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraquark

    Several tetraquark candidates have been reported by particle physics experiments in the 21st century. The quark contents of these states are almost all q q Q Q, where q represents a light (up, down or strange) quark, Q represents a heavy (charm or bottom) quark, and antiquarks are denoted with an overline.

  8. Subatomic particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle

    Except for the proton and neutron, all other hadrons are unstable and decay into other particles in microseconds or less. A proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while the neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. These commonly bind together into an atomic nucleus, e.g. a helium-4 nucleus is composed of two protons and ...

  9. Exotic hadron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_hadron

    One model of a pentaquark: q is a quark and q an antiquark; gluons (wavy lines) mediate strong interactions between quarks; red, green, and blue color charges must each be present, while the remaining quark and antiquark must share a color and its anticolor, in this example blue and antiblue (shown as yellow).