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  2. Embryonic stem cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell

    Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, meaning they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

  3. Stem cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell

    Stem cell tourism is the part of the medical tourism industry in which patients travel to obtain stem cell procedures. [109] The United States has had an explosion of "stem cell clinics". [110] Stem cell procedures are highly profitable for clinics. The advertising sounds authoritative but the efficacy and safety of the procedures is unproven.

  4. Germ layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_layer

    In all vertebrates, these progenitor cells differentiate into all adult tissues and organs. [5] In the human embryo, after about three days, the zygote forms a solid mass of cells by mitotic division, called a morula. This then changes to a blastocyst, consisting of an outer layer called a trophoblast, and an inner cell mass called the embryoblast.

  5. Mouse embryonic fibroblast - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_embryonic_fibroblast

    MEFs treated by mitomycin or gamma rays (such treatment makes MEF stop mitosis) are widely used as feeder in embryonic stem cell culture because they can mimic the microenvironment in embryo. [5] In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed MEFs into iPSCs by introducing 4 factors, which is remarkable in the development of stem cell biology. [6]

  6. Epiblast - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiblast

    While the cuboidal hypoblast cells delaminate ventrally, away from the embryonic pole, to line the blastocoele, the remaining cells of the inner cell mass, situated between the hypoblast and the polar trophoblast, become the epiblast and comprise columnar cells. In the mouse, primordial germ cells are specified from epiblast cells. [4]

  7. Mesoderm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm

    ] Myogenesis is specifically a function of mesenchyme. The mesoderm differentiates from the rest of the embryo through intercellular signaling, after which the mesoderm is polarized by an organizing center. [3] The position of the organizing center is in turn determined by the regions in which beta-catenin is protected from degradation by GSK-3 ...

  8. Cell fate determination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fate_determination

    The developmental equivalence of these cells is usually established via transplantation and cell ablation experiments. As embryos mature, more complex fate determination occurs as structures appear, and cells differentiate, beginning to perform specific functions.

  9. Embryoid body - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryoid_body

    Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates formed by pluripotent stem cells. These include embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) EBs are differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies comprising the three embryonic germ layers. They mimic the characteristics seen in early-stage embryos.