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  2. Frequency counter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_counter

    A frequency counter is an electronic instrument, or component of one, that is used for measuring frequency. Frequency counters usually measure the number of cycles of oscillation or pulses per second in a periodic electronic signal. Such an instrument is sometimes called a cymometer, particularly one of Chinese manufacture. [citation needed]

  3. Time-to-digital converter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-to-digital_converter

    Typically a TDC uses a crystal oscillator reference frequency for good long term stability. High stability crystal oscillators are usually relative low frequency such as 10 MHz (or 100 ns resolution). [5] To get better resolution, a phase-locked loop frequency multiplier can be used to generate a faster clock. One might, for example, multiply ...

  4. Hardware random number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number...

    A USB-pluggable hardware true random number generator. In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), [1] or physical random number generator [2] [3] is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a ...

  5. Benford's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benford's_law

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 January 2025. Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small For the unrelated adage, see Benford's law of controversy. The distribution of first digits, according to Benford's law. Each bar represents a digit, and the height of the bar is the percentage of ...

  6. Approximate counting algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate_counting_algorithm

    For example, in base 2, the counter can estimate the count to be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and all of the powers of two. The memory requirement is simply to hold the exponent. As an example, to increment from 4 to 8, a pseudo-random number would be generated such that the probability the counter is increased is 0.25. Otherwise, the counter remains at 4.

  7. Numerical Electromagnetics Code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Electromagnetics...

    The calculation starts by calculating the electrical field in space for a radio signal of a given frequency, normally traveling along the X axis in three-dimensional space. This field is uniform in Y and Z , but varies along the X axis; the signal's magnitude at any point along X is defined by the phase at that instant.

  8. Spectrum analyzer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer

    By sweeping the receiver's center-frequency (using a voltage-controlled oscillator) through a range of frequencies, the output is also a function of frequency. But while the sweep centers on any particular frequency, it may be missing short-duration events at other frequencies. An FFT analyzer computes a time-sequence of periodograms.

  9. Crystal oscillator frequencies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator_frequencies

    Crystal oscillators can be manufactured for oscillation over a wide range of frequencies, from a few kilohertz up to several hundred megahertz.Many applications call for a crystal oscillator frequency conveniently related to some other desired frequency, so hundreds of standard crystal frequencies are made in large quantities and stocked by electronics distributors.