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The Good–Toulmin (GT) estimator was developed by Good and Toulmin in 1953. [4] The estimate of the unseen species based on the Good–Toulmin estimator is given by U GT ≜ U GT ( X n , t ) ≜ − ∑ i = 1 ∞ ( − t ) i φ i . {\displaystyle U^{\text{GT}}\triangleq U^{\text{GT}}(X^{n},t)\triangleq -\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }(-t)^{i}\varphi _{i}.}
The method even gained some literary fame due to the Robert Harris novel Enigma. In the 1990s, Geoffrey Sampson worked with William A. Gale of AT&T to create and implement a simplified and easier-to-use variant of the Good–Turing method [ 3 ] [ 4 ] described below.
Toulmin argumentation framework example. As demonstrated in Toulmin’s argumentation framework, the grounds of an assumption require warrant and backing to legitimize the claim and prove the soundness of the conclusion. The framework involves a claim, grounds, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, and backing. The initial claim of an argument is the ...
Suppose a pair (,) takes values in {,, …,}, where is the class label of an element whose features are given by .Assume that the conditional distribution of X, given that the label Y takes the value r is given by (=) =,, …, where "" means "is distributed as", and where denotes a probability distribution.
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (/ ˈ t uː l m ɪ n /; 25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator.Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning.
The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of the scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known. A test outcome that could have and does run contrary to predictions of the ...
Sections 4.3 (The master method) and 4.4 (Proof of the master theorem), pp. 73–90. Michael T. Goodrich and Roberto Tamassia. Algorithm Design: Foundation, Analysis, and Internet Examples. Wiley, 2002. ISBN 0-471-38365-1. The master theorem (including the version of Case 2 included here, which is stronger than the one from CLRS) is on pp. 268 ...
In numerical analysis, predictor–corrector methods belong to a class of algorithms designed to integrate ordinary differential equations – to find an unknown function that satisfies a given differential equation. All such algorithms proceed in two steps: