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Health care providers distinguish bacterial and viral sinusitis by watchful waiting. [1] If a person has had sinusitis for fewer than 10 days without the symptoms becoming worse, then the infection is presumed to be viral. [1] When symptoms last more than 10 days or get worse in that time, then the infection is considered bacterial sinusitis. [65]
The above statistical analysis is dated, necessarily. A 2015 study of young adult students presenting to a single clinic in Alabama had F. necrophorum as the predominant causative organism for pharyngitis 21% of the time (and found in 9% of asymptomatic students). [11]
[3] [4] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold. [5]: 28 Most infections are viral in nature, and in other instances, the cause is bacterial. [6] URTIs can also be fungal or helminthic in origin, but these are less common. [7]: 443–445
[2] [3] Complications can include sinusitis and acute otitis media. [2] Pharyngitis is a type of upper respiratory tract infection. [7] Most cases are caused by a viral infection. [2] Strep throat, a bacterial infection, is the cause in about 25% of children and 10% of adults. [2]
Rhinosinusitis is inflammation or infection of the sinus cavities. Acute rhinosinusitis has symptoms lasting less than four weeks, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts greater than 12 weeks. [ 8 ] This persistent irritation can lead to increased mucus production as a result of pro-inflammatory pathways, producing symptoms of PND.
The thrombophlebitis is a serious condition and may lead to further systemic complications such as bacteria in the blood or septic emboli. Lemierre's syndrome occurs most often when a bacterial (e.g., Fusobacterium necrophorum) throat infection progresses to the formation of a peritonsillar abscess.
Acute sinusitis lasts a maximum of 12 weeks. The clinical symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis are purulent nasal secretion, nasal obstruction and/or tension headache or feeling of fullness in the facial area. Acute rhinosinusitis can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection – a distinction is not possible during the first days.
Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed. [21] Secondary bacterial infections may occur resulting in sinusitis, pharyngitis, or an ear infection. [93] It is estimated that sinusitis occurs in 8% and ear infection in 30% of cases. [94]