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Endogenous depression is an atypical subclass of major depressive disorder (clinical depression). It could be caused by genetic and biological factors. [ 1 ] Endogenous depression occurs due to the presence of an internal (cognitive, biological) stressor instead of an external (social, environmental) stressor. [ 2 ]
Physical causes are ruled out with a clinical assessment of depression that measures vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and hormones. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Though psychiatric medication is the most frequently prescribed therapy for major depression, [ 5 ] psychotherapy may be effective, either alone or in combination with medication. [ 6 ]
Depression is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, as the epidemiology has shown. [1] Lifetime prevalence estimates vary widely, from 3% in Japan to 17% in India. Epidemiological data shows higher rates of depression in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and the United States than in other regions and countries. [2]
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Many outdated sources and information (older than five years). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2024) Medical condition Major depressive disorder Other names Clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, unipolar disorder, recurrent depression Sorrowing Old Man (At ...
The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
The cause of depression is believed to be due to a combined effect of genetic and environmental factors. [11] Other medical conditions, for example hypothyroidism, may cause people to experience similar symptoms as a major depressive episode. [20]
Low levels of positive affect in the Tripartite Model characterize depression. [13] [18] Signs of low positive affect include fatigue, loneliness, sadness, and lethargy. [13] Positive affect is important because it is a construct used in order to differentiate depression from anxiety. [1] [20]