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  2. Logical consequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence

    A formal consequence must be true in all cases, however this is an incomplete definition of formal consequence, since even the argument "P is Q ' s brother's son, therefore P is Q ' s nephew" is valid in all cases, but is not a formal argument. [1]

  3. Consequent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequent

    The consequent in a hypothetical proposition is not necessarily a consequence of the antecedent. If monkeys are purple, then fish speak Klingon. "Fish speak Klingon" is the consequent here, but intuitively is not a consequence of (nor does it have anything to do with) the claim made in the antecedent that "monkeys are purple".

  4. Consequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence

    Logical consequence, also known as a consequence relation, or entailment; Consequent, in logic, the second half of a hypothetical proposition or consequences; Consequentialism, a theory in philosophy in which the morality of an act is determined by its effects; Unintended consequences; Consequence, in operant conditioning, a result of some behavior

  5. Affirming the consequent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent

    Affirming the consequent can also result from overgeneralizing the experience of many statements having true converses. If P and Q are "equivalent" statements, i.e. , it is possible to infer P under the condition Q.

  6. Therefore sign - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therefore_sign

    In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, ∴, is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism. The symbol consists of three dots placed in an upright triangle and is read therefore. While it is not generally used in formal writing, it is used in mathematics and shorthand.

  7. Appeal to consequences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_consequences

    Appeal to consequences, also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis (typically a belief) to be either true or false based on whether the premise leads to desirable or undesirable consequences. [1]

  8. Material conditional - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional

    The material conditional (also known as material implication) is an operation commonly used in logic.When the conditional symbol is interpreted as material implication, a formula is true unless is true and is false.

  9. Tautological consequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautological_consequence

    Tautological consequence can also be defined as ∧ ∧ ... ∧ → is a substitution instance of a tautology, with the same effect. [2]It follows from the definition that if a proposition p is a contradiction then p tautologically implies every proposition, because there is no truth valuation that causes p to be true and so the definition of tautological implication is trivially satisfied.