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Stalin was one of the Bolsheviks' chief operatives in the Caucasus and grew closer to Lenin, who saw him as tough, loyal, and capable of getting things done behind the scenes. Stalin played a decisive role in engineering the 1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia. His successes in Georgia propelled him into the ranks of the Politburo in late 1921.
In 1888, Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School [10] [11] where he excelled. [12] He faced health problems: an 1884 smallpox infection left him with facial scars, [ 13 ] and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was struck by a phaeton , causing a lifelong disability in his left arm.
[3] Stalin included Article 124 in the face of stiff opposition, and it eventually led to rapprochement with the Russian Orthodox Church before and during World War 2. The new constitution re-enfranchised certain religious people who had been specifically disenfranchised under the previous constitution.
These three plus Kamenev formed the Central Committee's Bureau. Stalin would share a flat with Molotov where he apologised: "You were the nearest of all to Lenin in the initial stage in April." [10] On June 24, Stalin threatened to resign when Lenin turned against the idea of an armed demonstration when the Soviets refused to support it.
Stalin used the principles of democratic centralism to transform his office into that of party leader, and later leader of the Soviet Union. [123] In 1934, the 17th Party Congress did not elect a General Secretary and Stalin was an ordinary secretary until his death in 1953, although he remained the de facto leader without diminishing his own ...
Stalin: Passage to Revolution is a 2020 biography of Joseph Stalin by American historian, political scientist and academic Ronald Grigor Suny. [1]
On October 16, 1952, Stalin formally abolished the position, but he retained ultimate power and his position as Chairman of the Council of Ministers until his death on 5 March 1953. [20] At a tenure of 30 years, 7 months, Stalin was the longest-serving General Secretary, serving almost half of the USSR's entire existence.
Stalin, the Russians, and Their War, 1941–1945. 2004. 315 pp. Feis, Herbert. Churchill-Roosevelt-Stalin: The War they waged and the Peace they sought (1953). online free o borrow; Fenby, Jonathan. Alliance: the inside story of how Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill won one war and began another (2015). Hill, Alexander.