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In number theory and combinatorics, a partition of a non-negative integer n, also called an integer partition, is a way of writing n as a sum of positive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of their summands are considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes a composition.)
The values (), …, of the partition function (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 22) can be determined by counting the Young diagrams for the partitions of the numbers from 1 to 8. In number theory, the partition function p(n) represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer n.
In number theory and computer science, the partition problem, or number partitioning, [1] is the task of deciding whether a given multiset S of positive integers can be partitioned into two subsets S 1 and S 2 such that the sum of the numbers in S 1 equals the sum of the numbers in S 2.
Their numbers can be arranged into a triangle, the triangle of partition numbers, in which the th row gives the partition numbers () , (), …, (): [1] k. n 1 ...
The Stirling numbers of the second kind, written (,) or {} or with other notations, count the number of ways to partition a set of labelled objects into nonempty unlabelled subsets. Equivalently, they count the number of different equivalence relations with precisely k {\displaystyle k} equivalence classes that can be defined on an n ...
The numbers within the triangle count partitions in which a given element is the largest singleton. The number of partitions of an n-element set into exactly k (non-empty) parts is the Stirling number of the second kind S(n, k). The number of noncrossing partitions of an n-element set is the Catalan number
The Stirling number {} is the number of ways to partition a set of cardinality n into exactly k nonempty subsets. Thus, in the equation relating the Bell numbers to the Stirling numbers, each partition counted on the left hand side of the equation is counted in exactly one of the terms of the sum on the right hand side, the one for which k is ...
The partition problem - a special case of multiway number partitioning in which the number of subsets is 2. The 3-partition problem - a different and harder problem, in which the number of subsets is not considered a fixed parameter, but is determined by the input (the number of sets is the number of integers divided by 3).