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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation.. Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor.
Long division is the standard algorithm used for pen-and-paper division of multi-digit numbers expressed in decimal notation. It shifts gradually from the left to the right end of the dividend, subtracting the largest possible multiple of the divisor (at the digit level) at each stage; the multiples then become the digits of the quotient, and the final difference is then the remainder.
For algorithms describing how to calculate the remainder, see Division algorithm.) The remainder, as defined above, is called the least positive remainder or simply the remainder . [ 2 ] The integer a is either a multiple of d , or lies in the interval between consecutive multiples of d , namely, q ⋅ d and ( q + 1) d (for positive q ).
To begin, multiples of 462 are subtracted from 1071 until the remainder is less than 462. Two such multiples can be subtracted (q 0 = 2), leaving a remainder of 147: 1071 = 2 × 462 + 147. Then multiples of 147 are subtracted from 462 until the remainder is less than 147. Three multiples can be subtracted (q 1 = 3), leaving a remainder of 21:
One must multiply the leftmost digit of the original number by 3, add the next digit, take the remainder when divided by 7, and continue from the beginning: multiply by 3, add the next digit, etc. For example, the number 371: 3×3 + 7 = 16 remainder 2, and 2×3 + 1 = 7. This method can be used to find the remainder of division by 7.
However, the b here need not be the remainder in the division of a by m. Rather, a ≡ b (mod m) asserts that a and b have the same remainder when divided by m. That is, a = p m + r, b = q m + r, where 0 ≤ r < m is the common remainder. We recover the previous relation (a − b = k m) by subtracting these two expressions and setting k = p − q.
Linear search problem — find a point on a line by moving along the line; Low-rank approximation — find best approximation, constraint is that rank of some matrix is smaller than a given number; Meta-optimization — optimization of the parameters in an optimization method; Multidisciplinary design optimization
This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations. This software has played an important role in the field of mathematics. [1] Open-source software in mathematics has become pivotal in education because of the high cost of textbooks. [2]