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Hobbes was critical of the assumptions of scholastic philosophers, whose evidence for human nature was based upon Aristotelian metaphysics and Cartesian observation, as opposed to reasoning and definition. [5] Though Hobbes did not fully reject the value of observational or ‘prudential’ knowledge, he dismissed the view that this was at all ...
Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest and selfishness, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so.
He is known for critiques of Deism, Thomas Hobbes's egoism, and John Locke's theory of personal identity. [5] The many philosophers and religious thinkers Butler influenced included David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith, [6] Henry Sidgwick, [7] John Henry Newman, [8] and C. D. Broad, [9] and is widely seen as "one of the pre-eminent English ...
Thomas Hobbes was born on 5 April 1588 (Old Style), in Westport, now part of Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England.Having been born prematurely when his mother heard of the coming invasion of the Spanish Armada, Hobbes later reported that "my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear."
Hobbes describes human psychology without any reference to the summum bonum, or greatest good, as previous thought had done. According to Hobbes, not only is the concept of a summum bonum superfluous, but given the variability of human desires, there could be no such thing.
Psychological hedonism is the theory that the underlying motivation of all human behavior is to maximize pleasure and avoid pain. As a form of egoism, it suggests that people only help others if they expect a personal benefit. Axiological hedonism is the view that pleasure is the sole source of intrinsic value. It asserts that other things ...
The position that people tend to act in their own self-interest is called default egoism, [6] whereas psychological egoism is the position that all motivations are rooted in an ultimately self-serving psyche. That is, in its strong form, that even seemingly altruistic actions are only disguised as such and are always self-serving.
Thomas Hobbes was a stern advocate of psychological egoism, claiming "No man giveth but with intention of good to himself". [19] Warm glow is built upon the idea of impure altruism: the blend of both altruistic and egoistic desires to help others. [1] Philosophers have debated this idea since the time of the ancient Greeks. [20]