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According to the traditional Islamic narrative, by the time of Uthman's caliphate, there was a perceived need for clarification of Qur'an reading. The holy book had often been spread to others orally by Muslims who had memorized the Quran in its entirety , but now "sharp divergence" had appeared in recitation of the book among Muslims. [7]
The work is presented as a review and synthesis of various hypotheses and historical discoveries related to the birth of Islam, the birth of the Quran, its development, its contextual and textual history, the major issues surrounding this text, its writing, propagation, and its canonization into a unique text. [2] [5]
Quranic studies is the academic study of the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. Like in biblical studies , the field uses and applies a diverse set of disciplines and methods, such as philology , textual criticism , lexicography , codicology , literary criticism , comparative religion , and historical criticism .
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Kitab Bhavan, 2000. ISBN 81-7151-081-7. al-Ghazali, Zainab. Return of the Pharaoh. The Islamic Foundation. Khan, Nouman Ali. Revive Your Heart: Putting Life in Perspective. United Kingdom: Kube Publishing Limited, 2017.
God's Caliph: Religious Authority In the First Centuries of Islam (PDF). Cambridge University Press; Fred Donner: Muhammad and the Believers. At the Origins of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6; Holland, Tom (2012). In the Shadow of the Sword. UK: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-53135-1
(2004) The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason, W.W.Norton. ISBN 0-7432-6809-1; Harris Sam, Maajid Nawaz, Islam and the Future of Tolerance (2015) Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, New York: Twelve Books, ISBN 9780446579803. (Chapter nine assesses the religion of Islam) Manji ...
Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Edited by David O. Morgan, Anthony Reid, 2010. Volume 4, Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Edited by Robert Irwin. 2010. Volume 5, The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance. Edited by Francis Robinson, 2010.
The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Arabic: الله, Allah). [3] The Quran is divided into chapters (), which are then divided into verses ().