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Like other arboviruses, which are transmitted by mosquitoes, yellow fever virus is taken up by a female mosquito when it ingests the blood of an infected human or another primate. [47] Viruses reach the stomach of the mosquito, and if the virus concentration is high enough, the virions can infect epithelial cells and replicate there.
The outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona in 1821. The evolutionary origins of yellow fever are most likely African. [1] [2] Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the virus originated from East or Central Africa, with transmission between primates and humans, and spread from there to West Africa. [3]
John James Audubon, famous ornithologist, caught yellow fever on arrival in New York City when he emigrated to the United States in 1803. He died of Alzheimer's disease in 1851. Benjamin Franklin Bache (journalist), died at age 29 in the yellow fever epidemic of 1798 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New Haven, Connecticut and New York City.
There was a stark racial disparity in mortality rates: "7.4 percent of whites who contracted yellow fever died, while only 0.2 percent of blacks perished from the disease." [ 2 ] As historian Kathryn Olivarius observed in Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom , "For enslaved Blacks, the story was different.
[3] [4] It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. Mosquito bites transmit the virus. Mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. [5]
1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic; 1800s. 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic; 1849-1850 Tennessee cholera epidemic; 1853 yellow fever epidemic [1]
The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. [3] There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. [2]
There are more than 500 species of arboviruses, but in the 1930s only three were known to cause disease in humans: yellow fever virus, dengue virus and Pappataci fever virus. [202] More than 100 of such viruses are now known to cause human diseases including encephalitis. [203] Yellow fever is the most notorious disease caused by a flavivirus ...