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Yellow fever is caused by yellow fever virus (YFV), an enveloped RNA virus 40–50 nm in width, the type species and namesake of the family Flaviviridae. [10] It was the first illness shown to be transmissible by filtered human serum and transmitted by mosquitoes, by American doctor Walter Reed around 1900. [ 32 ]
The outbreak of yellow fever in Barcelona in 1821. The evolutionary origins of yellow fever are most likely African. [1] [2] Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the virus originated from East or Central Africa, with transmission between primates and humans, and spread from there to West Africa. [3]
John James Audubon, famous ornithologist, caught yellow fever on arrival in New York City when he emigrated to the United States in 1803. He died of Alzheimer's disease in 1851. Benjamin Franklin Bache (journalist), died at age 29 in the yellow fever epidemic of 1798 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New Haven, Connecticut and New York City.
There was a stark racial disparity in mortality rates: "7.4 percent of whites who contracted yellow fever died, while only 0.2 percent of blacks perished from the disease." [ 2 ] As historian Kathryn Olivarius observed in Necropolis: Disease, Power, and Capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom , "For enslaved Blacks, the story was different.
The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus; flavus is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims. [3] There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera. [2]
[3] [4] It is likely that the refugees and ships carried the yellow fever virus and mosquitoes. Mosquito bites transmit the virus. Mosquitoes easily breed in small amounts of standing water. The medical community and others in 1793 did not understand the role of mosquitoes in the transmission of yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. [5]
Flavivirus, renamed Orthoflavivirus in 2023, [3] is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae.The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses which may cause encephalitis, [4] as well as insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) such as cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), Palm Creek ...
The first human virus to be identified was the yellow fever virus. [6] In 1881, Carlos Finlay (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever, [7] a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by Walter Reed (1851–1902).