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Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...
First-pass metabolism may occur in the liver (for propranolol, lidocaine, clomethiazole, and nitroglycerin) or in the gut (for benzylpenicillin and insulin). [4] The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, [5] gastrointestinal wall enzymes, [6] [7] [8] bacterial enzymes [5] and hepatic enzymes.
In the simplest example oxygen can be used as it exists naturally in its triplet state (i.e. it is a diradical). This is referred to as air inhibition and is a diffusion-controlled reaction with rates typically in the order of 10 7 –10 9 mol −1 s −1 , [ 3 ] the resulting peroxy radicals (ROO•) are less reactive towards polymerisation.
Mequinol is a common active ingredient in topical drugs used for skin depigmentation. As a topical drug mequinol is often mixed with tretinoin, a topical retinoid. A common formulation for this drug is an ethanolic solution of 2% mequinol and 0.01% tretinoin by mass. [1] Dermatologists commonly prescribe the drug to treat liver spots.
See the list of steroid metabolism modulators instead for steroid/sterol-specific CYP450s, including: CYP7A1 (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) CYP7B1 (25-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase) CYP8B1 (sterol 12α-hydroxylase) CYP11A1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme; P450scc) CYP11B1 (steroid 11β-hydroxylase) CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase)
Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs.The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absorbed by the body or has superior pharmacokinetics (e.g., lisdexamphetamine).
Methoxyphenol or hydroxyanisole may refer to: 2-Methoxyphenol (guaiacol, o-methoxyphenol, methylcatechol, 2-hydroxyanisole) 3-Methoxyphenol (m-methoxyphenol, m ...
Fomepizole, also known as 4-methylpyrazole, is a medication used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. [4] It may be used alone or together with hemodialysis. [4] It is given by injection into a vein. [4] Common side effects include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and unsteadiness. [4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy causes risk ...