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Within academia, the history of knowledge is the field covering the accumulated and known human knowledge constructed or discovered during human history and its historic forms, focus, accumulation, bearers, [1] impacts, mediations, distribution, applications, societal contexts, conditions [2] and methods of production.
[1] [2] The Enlightenment, which valued knowledge gained through rationalism and empiricism, was concerned with a range of social ideas and political ideals such as natural law, liberty, and progress, toleration and fraternity, constitutional government, and the formal separation of church and state. [3] [4] [5]
It is a history of human thought covering over 5,000 years of philosophy, learning, and belief systems that surveys the key historical trends and breakthroughs connecting the globalizing human landscape of the 20th century all the way back to the scattered roots of human civilization in India, Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Greece, and Rome.
The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment or education to the reader, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces.
Infallibilism – Knowledge is incompatible with the possibility of being wrong. Fallibilism – Claims can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified. Non-justificationism – Knowledge is produced by attacking claims and refuting them instead of justifying them.
The historian Arthur O. Lovejoy (1873–1962) coined the phrase history of ideas [8] and initiated its systematic study [9] in the early decades of the 20th century. Johns Hopkins University was a "fertile cradle" to Lovejoy's history of ideas; [10] he worked there as a professor of history, from 1910 to 1939, and for decades he presided over the regular meetings of the History of Ideas Club. [11]
The definition of knowledge as justified true belief is often discussed in the academic literature. An often-discussed definition characterizes knowledge as justified true belief. This definition identifies three essential features: it is (1) a belief that is (2) true and (3) justified. [21] [b] Truth is a widely accepted feature of knowledge ...
Definitions of knowledge aim to identify the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis of knowledge. Some general features of knowledge are widely accepted among philosophers, for example, that it involves cognitive success and epistemic contact with reality.