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Parent–offspring conflict (POC) is an expression coined in 1974 by Robert Trivers. It is used to describe the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal parental investment (PI) in an offspring from the standpoint of the parent and the offspring. PI is any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that decreases the ...
This is because the best interests of the parent do not always match the best interests of the offspring. Maternal-infant conflict is of interest due to the intensity of maternal investment in her offspring. In humans, mothers often invest years of care into their children due to the long developmental period before children become self-sufficient.
Parent–offspring conflict, which predicts that because the genetic interests of parents and offspring are not identical, offspring will be selected to manipulate their parents in order to ensure higher investment, and that, conversely, parents will be selected to manipulate their offspring.
Robert Ludlow "Bob" Trivers (/ ˈ t r ɪ v ər z /; born February 19, 1943) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist.Trivers proposed the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), facultative sex ratio determination (1973), and parent–offspring conflict (1974).
Parental investment as defined by Robert Trivers in 1972 [20] is the investment in offspring by the parent that increases the offspring's chances of surviving and hence reproductive success at the expense of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring. A large parental investment largely decreases the parents' chances of investing in ...
An offspring who hates their father is called a misopater, one that hates their mother is a misomater, while a parent that hates their offspring is a misopedist. [15] [16] Parent–offspring conflict describes the evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal fitness of parents and their offspring.
Parents need to trade off investment into current and future reproductive events, since parental care increases offspring survival at the expense of the parent's ability to invest in future broods. Nonetheless, there is some evidence suggesting that in mammals provinding male care actually leads to more fecund females, and thus caring for the ...
The Trivers–Willard hypothesis has been applied to resource differences among individuals in a society as well as to resource differences among societies.Investigations in humans pose a number of practical and methodological difficulties, [6] but while a 2007 review of previous research found that empirical evidence for the hypothesis was mixed, the author noted that it received greater ...