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The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
pap smear; colposcopic examination of the vagina and cervix; ultrasound; histogram; cultures for bacteria [13] biopsy of tissues [4] A referral may be made to a specialist. [12] [16] Imaging may not be necessary. Cryotherapy has been used but is not recommended. [4]
[22]: 654 As a risk of cancer still exists, guidelines recommend continuing regular Pap tests. [9] Other methods of prevention include having few or no sexual partners and the use of condoms . [ 8 ] Cervical cancer screening using the Pap test or acetic acid can identify precancerous changes, which when treated, can prevent the development of ...
HPV testing can identify most of the high-risk HPV types responsible for CIN. HPV screening happens either as a co-test with the Pap smear or can be done after a Pap smear showing abnormal cells, called reflex testing. Frequency of screening changes based on guidelines from the Society of Lower Genital Tract Disorders (ASCCP).
According to Dr. Harrison, “Women should stop having cervical cancer screening after age 65 if they do not have a history of abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer, and they have had either ...
The risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among HIV-positive individuals who were coinfected with high-risk HPV, and 80 times higher for particularly HIV-positive men who have sex with men. [65] Anal Pap smear screening for anal cancer might benefit some subpopulations of men or women engaging in anal sex. [66]
A pelvic examination is the physical examination of the external and internal female pelvic organs. [1] It is frequently used in gynecology for the evaluation of symptoms affecting the female reproductive and urinary tract, such as pain, bleeding, discharge, urinary incontinence, or trauma (e.g. sexual assault).
This Australian Cattle Dog's obesity poses a health risk for the dog. Obesity is an increasingly common problem in dogs in Western countries. As with humans, obesity can cause numerous health problems in dogs (although dogs are much less susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans are).