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Gastropod-borne parasitic diseases (GPDs) are a group of infectious diseases that require a gastropod species to serve as an intermediate host for a parasitic organism (typically a nematode or trematode) that can infect humans upon ingesting the parasite or coming into contact with contaminated water sources. [1]
Myxobolus cerebralis is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon and trout species) that causes whirling disease in farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout in Germany in 1893, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South ...
G. salaris requires fresh water, [2] but can survive in brackish water for up to 18 hours. [5] The parasite is 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long, [2] and cannot be seen with the naked eye, but it can be seen with a magnifying glass. [6] On its posterior end is a haptor, a specialized organ for attaching to the host fish, which has sixteen hooks around its ...
Parasitic plants are classified depending on the location where the parasitic plant latches onto the host (root or stem), the amount of nutrients it requires, and their photosynthetic capability. [5] Some parasitic plants can locate their host plants by detecting volatile chemicals in the air or soil given off by host shoots or roots, respectively.
A perspective on the evolutionary options can be gained by considering four questions: the effect on the reproductive fitness of a parasite's hosts; the number of hosts they have per life stage; whether the host is prevented from reproducing; and whether the effect depends on intensity (number of parasites per host). From this analysis ...
The name literally translates as "the fish louse with many children". The parasite can infect most freshwater fish species and, in contrast to many other parasites, shows low host specificity. It penetrates gill epithelia, skin and fins of the fish host and resides as a feeding stage (the trophont) inside the epidermis.
Just prior to host spawning, Polypodium everts to the normal position of cell layers, revealing tentacles scattered along the stolon. [2] During eversion, the yolk of the host oocyte fills the gastral cavities of the parasite, supplying the future free-living stage with nutrients. [2] [8] The parasitic phase of its life cycle usually takes ...
Eutrophication of water bodies supports high population levels of oligochaete worms, which causes increased numbers of infected fish that eat the worms, and then the birds that eat the fish. [ 10 ] One way to prevent eustrongylidosis is to control oligochaete populations.