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Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) [1] is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams.
The cantilever method is an approximate method for calculating shear forces and moments developed in beams and columns of a frame or structure due to lateral loads. The applied lateral loads typically include wind loads and earthquake loads, which must be taken into consideration while designing buildings.
Otherwise methods such as virtual work, direct integration, Castigliano's method, Macaulay's method or the direct stiffness method are used. The deflection of beam elements is usually calculated on the basis of the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation while that of a plate or shell element is calculated using plate or shell theory.
Macaulay's method (the double integration method) is a technique used in structural analysis to determine the deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beams.Use of Macaulay's technique is very convenient for cases of discontinuous and/or discrete loading.
Very sensitive optical and capacitive methods have been developed to measure changes in the static deflection of cantilever beams used in dc-coupled sensors. The second is the formula relating the cantilever spring constant k {\displaystyle k} to the cantilever dimensions and material constants:
A cantilever Timoshenko beam under a point load at the free end For a cantilever beam , one boundary is clamped while the other is free. Let us use a right handed coordinate system where the x {\displaystyle x} direction is positive towards right and the z {\displaystyle z} direction is positive upward.
Let the total deflection of the beam due to these loads be . The adjacent figure shows that, for small displacements, the total deflection of the mid-surface of the beam can be expressed as the sum of two deflections, a pure bending deflection w b {\displaystyle w_{b}} and a pure shear deflection w s {\displaystyle w_{s}} , i.e.,
Direct integration is a structural analysis method for measuring internal shear, internal moment, rotation, and deflection of a beam. Positive directions for forces acting on an element. For a beam with an applied weight w ( x ) {\displaystyle w(x)} , taking downward to be positive, the internal shear force is given by taking the negative ...