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From 1048 to 1257, the papacy experienced increasing conflict with the leaders and churches of the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. The latter culminated in the East-West Schism, dividing the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Empire itself was abolished the next year on 6 August 1806. The Congress of Vienna following Napoleon's defeat did not bring back the Holy Roman Empire nor the Kingdom of Italy, [35] [36] and the restored Italian duchies now became fully sovereign in their own right.
Cypriot cult image. 'Red Polished Ware', 2100–2000 BC. Museum zu Allerheiligen. Prior to the arrival of humans in Cyprus, only four terrestrial mammal species were present on the island, including the Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus and the Cyprus dwarf elephant, which were much smaller than their mainland ancestors as a result of insular dwarfism, with the other species being the genet Genetta ...
When Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Mediterranean Sea began to be called Mare Nostrum (Latin: "Our Sea") by the Romans. Their empire was centered on this sea and all the area was full of commerce and naval development. For the first time in history, an entire sea (the Mediterranean) was free of piracy.
Death of Henry II the Pious: 1247: August 31: Death of Konrad I of Masovia: 1264: September 8: Issuance of Statute of Kalisz: 1279: December 7: Death of Bolesław V the Chaste: 1288 September 30: Death of Leszek II the Black: Władysław I Łokietek (the Elbow-high) inherits the lands of Poland 1290: June 23: Death of Henryk IV Probus: 1295 ...
His elder son Arcadius succeeded him as augustus in the eastern Byzantine Empire. The young Honorius became sole augustus in the Western Roman Empire under the regency of Magister militum Stilicho. 398: Gildonic War: Gildo, comes of Africa, was killed following a failed rebellion against the Western Roman Empire.
The Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman peace") is a roughly 200-year-long period of Roman history which is identified as a golden age of increased and sustained Roman imperialism, relative peace and order, prosperous stability, hegemonic power, and regional expansion. This is despite several revolts and wars, and continuing competition with Parthia.
Byzantine image depicting Jesus as Christ pantocrator. 4 BC: Nativity of Jesus.According to the Gospel of Luke, his birth occurred in the town of Bethlehem during the reigns of King Herod the Great of Judaea and the Roman Emperor Augustus, and he was the son of the Virgin Mary, who conceived him by the power of the Holy Spirit.