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Formal charge. In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity. [1][2] In simple terms, formal charge is the difference ...
It has uses in determining possible electron re-configuration when referring to reaction mechanisms, and often results in the same sign as the partial charge of the atom, with exceptions. In general, the formal charge of an atom can be calculated using the following formula, assuming non-standard definitions for the markup used:
The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of −1. [citation needed] This charge results from a combination formal charge in which each of the three oxygens carries a − 2 ⁄ 3 charge, [citation needed] whereas the nitrogen carries a +1 charge, all these adding up to formal charge of the polyatomic nitrate ion.
The formal charges on the right comply with electronegativities, which implies an added ionic bonding contribution. Indeed, the estimated N−N and N−O bond orders are 2.76 and 1.9, respectively, [ 7 ] approaching the formula of integer bond orders that would include the ionic contribution explicitly as a bond (in green):
It has a molecular mass of 60.01 g/mol and carries a total formal charge of −2. It is the conjugate base of the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) [8] ion, HCO − 3, which is the conjugate base of H 2 CO 3, carbonic acid.
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO 2 ... and a formal charge of +2 on the ... to 2005, total emissions of the ...
Skeletal structural formula of Vitamin B 12.Many organic molecules are too complicated to be specified by a molecular formula.. The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure (determined by structural chemistry methods), showing how the atoms are possibly arranged in the real three-dimensional space.
Nernst equation. In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often ...