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High doses of caffeine intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of miscarriage [48] and some major negative pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth or low birth weight. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] A 2020 review called into question the safe levels proposed by the European Food Safety Authority, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ...
The metabolism of caffeine is reduced in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, and the half-life of caffeine during pregnancy can be increased up to 15 hours (as compared to 2.5 to 4.5 hours in non-pregnant adults). [79] Evidence regarding the effects of caffeine on pregnancy and for breastfeeding are inconclusive. [26]
Malkani notes that these are the first comprehensive healthy drink recommendations for this age group. ... fat (2%), low-fat (1%), and skim (fat-free)." ... and those over 12 limit caffeine to 100 ...
Women are classified as underweight if they have a pre-pregnant BMI of 18.5 or below. [5] Low pre-pregnancy BMI increases the risk of low birth weight infants, but the risk can be balanced by an appropriate gestational weight gain from 12.5 to 18.0 kilograms in total, or about 0.5 kilogram each week in the second and third trimesters. [5]
If pregnant, it is recommended not to consume more than 200 mg of caffeine a day (though this is relative to the pregnant woman’s weight). [26] If a pregnant woman consumes high levels of caffeine, it can result in low birth weight due to loss of blood flow to the placenta, [27] and could lead to health problems later in the child's life. [28]
The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [1]A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time, caffeine can lead to a condition known as caffeinism. [2] [3] Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching (hyperreflexia), insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis, and heart palpitations.
The signs and symptoms are divided into one group that can appear after an intake of as little as 100 mg of caffeine (roughly the amount contained in a cup of brewed coffee) and another group of symptoms that appear at higher levels of intake (more than 1 g per day). Low-dose symptoms include restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia,