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It originated in the 1930s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies , rather than as interchangeable parts , and it resulted in the creation of the discipline of human relations ...
The Hawthorne effect is a type of human behavior reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. [1] [2] The effect was discovered in the context of research conducted at the Hawthorne Western Electric plant; however, some scholars think the descriptions are fictitious.
The Hawthorne Experiments sought to determine a correlation between light levels and productivity. Researchers divided employees into teams of six and interviewed individuals to assess the effect of lighting. Mayo discovered that the interview program established by the study naturally instilled a sense of higher purpose in the employees. [11]
The Hawthorne Studies were conducted at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric from 1924 into the early 1930s. They began as a study of the effect of lighting on worker performance. Elton Mayo was instrumental in identifying the psychological basis of the phenomena observed in the experiments. The studies determined that motivation is not ...
The Hawthorne effect grew out of a series of studies. The theory states that an individual will act differently than they normally would due to the individual's awareness of being watched. Specifically in McGregor's X- and Y-Theory, it states that the manager's approach has effects on the outcome of the worker. Individuals who receive attention ...
In the preface of "The making of scientific management: Vol 3. The Hawthorne Investigations," Elton Mayo (1947) acknowledged, that: Aerial view of the Hawthorne Works, 1925. Lyndall Urwick was the first person to take public notice of the successive studies of human relations in industry undertaken by the Western Electric Company.
The Hawthorne studies were part of the reason why more importance was placed on considering the human impact of work. [1] During this period, industrial manufacturers followed the standardized large scale production method, characterized by mass production, scientific management, and stringent division of labor. [ 5 ]
Hawthorne effect; Hedonic treadmill; Hostile media effect; Hot-cold empathy gap; Hypersonic effect; Imposter syndrome; Irrelevant speech effect; Kappa effect; Kewpie doll effect; Kinetic depth effect; Kuleshov effect; Lady Macbeth effect; Lake Wobegon effect; Lawn dart effect; Less-is-better effect; Levels-of-processing effect; Martha Mitchell ...