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For any point, the abscissa is the first value (x coordinate), and the ordinate is the second value (y coordinate). In mathematics , the abscissa ( / æ b ˈ s ɪ s . ə / ; plural abscissae or abscissas ) and the ordinate are respectively the first and second coordinate of a point in a Cartesian coordinate system : [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
[5] The following are two independent horizontal angular coordinates: Altitude (alt. or altitude angle [b]), sometimes referred to as elevation (el. or elevation angle [c]) or apparent height, is the angle between the object and the observer's local horizon. For visible objects, it is an angle between 0° and 90°. [d]
The vertical axis is the altitude in degrees above the horizon. The first day of each month is shown in black, and the solstices and equinoxes are shown in green. It can be seen that the equinoxes occur approximately at altitude φ = 90° − 51.5° = 38.5° , and the solstices occur approximately at altitudes φ ± ε where ε is the axial ...
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).
The coordinate surfaces of the Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z). The z-axis is vertical and the x-axis is highlighted in green. Thus, the red plane shows the points with x = 1, the blue plane shows the points with z = 1, and the yellow plane shows the points with y = −1.
Orthogonal (or perpendicular) – at a right angle (at the point of intersection). Elevation – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the zenith, directly overhead. Depression – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the nadir, directly below. Vertical – spanning the height of a body. Longitudinal – spanning the length of a ...
And these systems of the mathematics convention may measure the azimuthal angle counterclockwise (i.e., from the south direction x-axis, or 180°, towards the east direction y-axis, or +90°)—rather than measure clockwise (i.e., from the north direction x-axis, or 0°, towards the east direction y-axis, or +90°), as done in the horizontal ...
The stratosphere is also the altitude limit of jet aircraft and weather balloons, as the air density there is roughly 1 ⁄ 1000 of that in the troposphere. [1] Vertical distance comparison The term altitude can have several meanings, and is always qualified by explicitly adding a modifier (e.g. "true altitude"), or implicitly through the ...