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Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. [1] [2] Secondary bile acids result from bacterial actions in the colon. [1] In humans, taurocholic acid and glycocholic acid (derivatives of cholic acid) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid) are the major bile salts.
Cholic acid, also known as 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is a primary bile acid [3] that is insoluble in water (soluble in alcohol and acetic acid), it is a white crystalline substance. Salts of cholic acid are called cholates.
The modification of the primary bile acid end-product of BSHs to secondary bile acids produces several potent antimicrobials, which can protect the gut microbiota from pathogens. [7] Secondary bile acids act as detergents and disrupt the microbial membrane, with some bile acids targeting specific types of bacteria such as Gram positives.
Deoxycholic acid is a bile acid.Deoxycholic acid is one of the secondary bile acids, which are metabolic byproducts of intestinal bacteria. The two primary bile acids secreted by the liver are cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.
In the lower small intestine and colon, bacteria dehydroxylate some of the primary bile salts to form secondary conjugated bile salts (which are still water-soluble). Along the proximal and distal ileum, these conjugated primary bile salts are reabsorbed actively into hepatic portal circulation. Bacteria deconjugate some of the primary and ...
The resulting imbalance between primary and secondary bile acids may lead to PSC via the gut-liver axis. [44] The primary bile acids cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) are synthesized in the liver and undergo conjugation before being released into the small intestine to aid digestion. [42]
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Bacterial 7α-dehydroxylation in the colon produces the secondary bile acid, hyodeoxycholic acid. Epimerization of the 7-hydroxyl to the β-position is found in ω-muricholic acid (also known as β-hyocholic acid). [4] The enzyme responsible for the 6-hydroxylation reaction of chenodeoxycholic acid in the pig is the cytochrome P450 CYP4A21. [5]