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The narrowing of blood vessels leads to an increase in peripheral resistance, thereby elevating blood pressure. While vasoconstriction is a normal and essential regulatory mechanism for maintaining blood pressure and redistributing blood flow during various physiological processes, its dysregulation can contribute to pathological conditions.
Histamine binding to endothelial cells causes them to contract, thus increasing vascular leak. It also stimulates synthesis and release of various vascular smooth muscle cell relaxants, such as nitric oxide, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors and other compounds, resulting in blood vessel dilation. [31]
First-generation antihistamines can easily cross the blood-brain barrier into the central nervous system to reach the H-1 receptors within, often causing drowsiness. [7] Second-generation antihistamines selectively bind to the peripheral H-1 receptors outside the blood-brain barrier, therefore they are less likely to cause sedation.
Clinically, H 1-antihistamines are used to treat allergic reactions and mast cell-related disorders. Sedation is a common side effect of H 1-antihistamines that readily cross the blood–brain barrier; some of these drugs, such as diphenhydramine and doxylamine, may therefore be used to treat insomnia.
The medication is designed to constrict blood vessels, explains Jamie Alan, Ph.D., an associate professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University. “In congestion, this will ...
Nephazoline works by resulting in constriction of blood vessels thus decreasing redness while pheniramine works by blocking the effects of histamine to stop itching. [1] The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 1994. [5] [6] [1] It is available over the counter.
Phenylephrine ‘is extensively broken down in the liver, resulting in little to no pharmacological effect’
This induces vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the nose, throat, and paranasal sinuses, which results in reduced inflammation and mucus formation in these areas. Decongestant nasal sprays and eye drops often contain oxymetazoline and are used for topical decongestion .
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