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  2. State shapes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_shapes

    A fragmented state has several noncontiguous pieces of territory. Archipelagos such as Philippines, Indonesia, and Fiji are examples of fragmented states. [1] A prorupted or protruded has an extension that protrudes from the main territory. [3] Thailand is an example of a prorupted state. [1] A perforated completely surrounds another state ...

  3. Self-determination theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory

    Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people's innate growth tendencies and innate psychological needs. It pertains to the motivation behind people's choices in the absence of external influences and distractions.

  4. Self-worth theory of motivation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Self-worth_theory_of_motivation

    The quadripolar model of self-worth theory demonstrates an individual's behaviour under the motivation to protect the sense of self-worth, with the representation of dual motives to avoid failure and approach success. [1] [2] This two-dimensional model proposes four broad types of learners in terms of success oriented and failure avoidant. The ...

  5. No Two Alike - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Two_Alike

    No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality [1] is a book by psychology researcher Judith Rich Harris. It was published in February 2006. It was published in February 2006. Harris attempts to explain why people are so different in personality, even identical twins who grow up in the same home.

  6. Biological basis of personality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_basis_of...

    However, this definition and theory of biological basis is not universally accepted. There are many conflicting theories of personality in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, and neuroscience. A few examples of this are the nature vs. nurture debate and how the idea of a 'soul' fits into biological theories of personality. [1]

  7. Motivation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation

    In this case, there may be a clash between the short-term motivation to seek immediate physical gratification and the long-term motivation to preserve and nurture a successful marriage built on trust and commitment. [93] Another example is the long-term motivation to stay healthy in contrast to the short-term motivation to smoke a cigarette. [94]

  8. Self-regulation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-regulation_theory

    According to Schunk (2012), Lev Vygotsky who was a Russian psychologist and was a major influence on the rise of constructivism, believed that self-regulation involves the coordination of cognitive processes such as planning, synthesizing and formulating concepts (Henderson & Cunningham, 1994); however, such coordination does not proceed independently of the individual's social environment and ...

  9. Murray's system of needs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray's_system_of_needs

    In 1938, the American psychologist Henry Murray developed a system of needs as part of his theory of personality, which he named personology.Murray argued that everyone had a set of universal basic needs, with individual differences among these needs leading to the uniqueness of personality through varying dispositional tendencies for each need; in other words, a specific need is more ...