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  2. Markovnikov's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovnikov's_rule

    The rule states that with the addition of a protic acid HX or other polar reagent to an asymmetric alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) or electropositive part gets attached to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents, and the halide (X) group or electronegative part gets attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents. This is in contrast to ...

  3. Enantioselective synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis

    Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, [1] is a form of chemical synthesis. It is defined by IUPAC as "a chemical reaction (or reaction sequence) in which one or more new elements of chirality are formed in a substrate molecule and which produces the stereoisomeric ( enantiomeric or diastereomeric ) products in unequal ...

  4. Bredt's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredt's_rule

    For small rings (fewer than eight atoms), a trans alkene cannot be achieved without substantial ring and angle strain (the p orbitals are improperly aligned for a π bond). Bredt's rule also applies to carbocations and, to a lesser degree, free radicals, because these intermediates also prefer a planar geometry with 120° angles and sp 2 ...

  5. Dynamic kinetic resolution in asymmetric synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kinetic_Resolution...

    About a decade later, Jurkauskas and Buchwald also utilized dynamic kinetic resolution towards the hydrogenation of conjugated systems. [8] 1,4 addition to cyclic enones is quite common in many reaction schemes, however asymmetric reductions in the presence of an easily epimerizable center adds to the complexity when trying to modify only one center.

  6. Jacobsen's catalyst - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen's_catalyst

    However, as is the case with the overall mechanism, the pathway of alkene approach is also debated. [8] One proposed substrate approach pathway - Note: Substrates are perpendicular to the plane of the catalyst. The ease with which Jacobsen's catalyst selectively epoxidizes cis-alkenes has been difficult to replicate with terminal and trans ...

  7. Williamson ether synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_ether_synthesis

    In order for the S N 2 reaction to take place there must be a good leaving group which is strongly electronegative, commonly a halide. [4] In the Williamson ether reaction there is an alkoxide ion (RO −) which acts as the nucleophile, attacking the electrophilic carbon with the leaving group, which in most cases is an alkyl tosylate or an ...

  8. Organoaluminium chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoaluminium_chemistry

    The so-called ZACA reaction first reported by Ei-ichi Negishi is an example of an asymmetric carboalumination of alkenes catalyzed by a chiral zirconocene catalyst. [ 9 ] The methylalumination of alkynes in the presence of Cp 2 ZrCl 2 [ 10 ] [ 11 ] is employed for the synthesis of stereodefined trisubstituted olefin fragments, a common ...

  9. Ene reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene_reaction

    In organic chemistry, the ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction by its discoverer Kurt Alder in 1943) is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing a multiple bond (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift.