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Pesticides vary in their effects on bees. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other areas around it. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants. [1] [2]
A male Xylocopa virginica (Eastern Carpenter bee) on Redbud (Cercis canadensis). Bees can suffer serious effects from toxic chemicals in their environments. These include various synthetic chemicals, particularly insecticides, as well as a variety of naturally occurring chemicals from plants, such as ethanol resulting from the fermentation of organic materials.
Neonicotinoid use has been linked to adverse ecological effects, including risks to many non-target organisms, and specifically on bees and pollinators. [9] [11] [12] A 2018 review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that most uses of neonicotinoid pesticides represent a risk to wild bees and honeybees.
Etofenprox is a broad-spectrum insecticide which disturbs insect nervous systems following direct contact or ingestion, and which is active against a broad spectrum of pests. It is used in agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, forestry, animal health and public health against many insect pests, for instance Lepidoptera , Hemiptera ...
Bee-killing pesticides have been found in 85% of tested rivers in England, an analysis of Government figures has found. Green groups looked at Environment Agency data on neonicotinoid pesticides ...
Cypermethrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which means it kills beneficial insects as well as the targeted insects. [14] Fish are particularly susceptible to cypermethrin, [ 15 ] [ 16 ] but when used as directed, application around residential sites poses little risk to aquatic life. [ 17 ]
Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum, systemic insecticide, which means it is absorbed quickly by plants and transported to all of its parts, including pollen, where it acts to deter insect feeding. [ citation needed ] An insect can absorb it in its stomach after feeding, or through direct contact, including through its tracheal system.
Insecticides with systemic activity against sucking pests, which are safe to pollinators, are sought after, [4] [5] [6] particularly in view of the partial bans on neonicotinoids. Revised 2023 guidance by registration authorities describes the bee testing that is required for new insecticides to be approved for commercial use. [7] [8] [9] [10]
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