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In 2000, the model is for commercial sale in China. The first buyer of Tianyi-1 used the vehicle to carry tourists around Lake Tai. Xiangzhou 1 - 7 passenger capacity wing-in-ground effect craft, 12.7 meters long, 11 meters wide and 3.9 meters tall with a maximum takeoff weight of 2.5 tons.
Ekranoplan A-90 Orlyonok. A ground-effect vehicle (GEV), also called a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan (Russian: экранопла́н – "screenglider"), is a vehicle that is able to move over the surface by gaining support from the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth or water.
The RFB X-114 Aerofoil Craft was an experimental ground-effect vehicle intended to work over water, with the ability to fly out of ground effect when required. It was the last of three such aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch in the 1960s and early 1970s.
The wings droop downward in their outer sections to enhance ground effect, also having a slight backward sweep in the leading edge and forward sweep in the trailing edge. To let the aircraft change shape for different types of operations, the wings are hinged within the drooping sections, and the axis of rotation is parallel to the fuselage.
RFB X-113 – Wing in ground effect vehicle; RFB X-114 – Wing in ground effect vehicle; Sack AS-6 – Disk wing technology demonstrator; Schmeidler SN.2 – Wing flaps; VFW VAK 191B – VTOL fighter; Zeppelin-Lindau V I – All-metal stressed skin construction
After extensive research, including the development of the small prototype Be-1 wing in ground effect aircraft, the first VVA-14 prototype was completed in 1972. Its first flight was from a conventional runway on 4 September 1972.
The Be-1 became the first experimental prototype, used for exploring the stability and control of wing-in-ground-effect aircraft. The Be-1 featured two floats with very low aspect ratio wing sections between them and small normal wing panels extending outside the floats. Surface-piercing hydrofoils were mounted on the underside of the floats.
IndyCars did not use ground effect as substantially as Formula One. For example, they lacked the use of skirts to seal off the underbody of the car. IndyCars also rode higher than ground effect F1 cars and relied on wings for significant downforce as well, creating an effective balance between over the car downforce and ground effect.