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Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity. [1] Movement disorders present with extrapyramidal symptoms and are caused by basal ganglia disease . [ 2 ]
An example of linear motion is an athlete running a 100-meter dash along a straight track. [2] Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to Newton's first law of motion, objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force.
Motor disorders are malfunctions of the nervous system that cause involuntary or uncontrollable movements or actions of the body. [3] These disorders can cause lack of intended movement or an excess of involuntary movement. [4] Symptoms of motor disorders include tremors, jerks, twitches, spasms, contractions, or gait problems. [citation needed]
Dyskinesia can be anything from a slight tremor of the hands to an uncontrollable movement of the upper body or lower extremities. Discoordination can also occur internally especially with the respiratory muscles and it often goes unrecognized. [3] Dyskinesia is a symptom of several medical disorders that are distinguished by their underlying ...
Tic disorders are more commonly diagnosed in males than females. [3] At least one in five children experience some form of tic disorder, most frequently between the ages of seven and twelve. [9] [10] Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability ...
Studies on diseases that are similar in nature to PD have revealed insights into the causes of movement disorders. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dyskinesia is a form of epilepsy affecting the frontal lobe . Single genes have been identified on chromosomes 15, 20, and 21, which contribute to the pathology of these epilepsy disorders. [ 4 ]
Examples of psychomotor retardation include the following: [5] Unaccountable difficulty in carrying out what are usually considered "automatic" or "mundane" self care tasks for healthy people (i.e., without depressive illness) such as taking a shower, dressing, grooming, cooking, brushing teeth, and exercising.
Dynamical neuroscience describes the non-linear dynamics at many levels of the brain from single neural cells [3] to cognitive processes, sleep states and the behavior of neurons in large-scale neuronal simulation. [4] Neurons have been modeled as nonlinear systems for decades, but dynamical systems are not constrained to neurons.