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Thin-film optics is the branch of optics that deals with very thin structured layers of different materials. [1] In order to exhibit thin-film optics, the thickness of the layers of material must be similar to the coherence length ; for visible light it is most often observed between 200 and 1000 nm of thickness.
The additive approach: The piezoelectric thin films are deposited on silicon substrates with layers of insulating and conducting material followed by surface or silicon bulk micromachining. The subtractive approach: Single crystal or polycrystalline piezoelectrics and piezoceramics are subjected to direct bulk micromachining and then electrodes.
Canon was one of the pioneers of the ultrasonic motor, and made the "USM" famous in the late 1980s by incorporating it into its autofocus lenses for the Canon EF lens mount. Numerous patents on ultrasonic motors have been filed by Canon, its chief lensmaking rival Nikon , and other industrial concerns since the early 1980s.
The use of thin film piezoelectric materials in electronics began in the early 1960s at Bell Telephone Laboratories/Bell Labs. Earlier piezoelectric crystals were developed and used as resonators in applications like oscillators with frequencies up to 100 MHz. Thinning was applied for increasing the resonance frequency of the crystals.
Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUT) are MEMS-based piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers.Unlike bulk piezoelectric transducers which use the thickness-mode motion of a plate of piezoelectric ceramic such as PZT or single-crystal PMN-PT, PMUT are based on the flexural motion of a thin membrane coupled with a thin piezoelectric film, such as PVDF.
Thermoplastic DOD inkjets print at or above the piezoelectric Curie temperature and must be continuously poled to work. Piezo D33 displacement had to be optimized to lower drive voltages. See Piezo-response force microscopy for relevant theory. Prior research in 1980 by James McMahon about the six piezo physical poling states and tests to ...
The Canon EF 28–90mm f / 4–5.6 is a full frame SLR zoom lens, also often included as a kit lens with Canon EOS film cameras. The maximum aperture is f / 4 at 28mm, reducing to f / 5.6 at 90mm. When set to 90mm, this will create a moderate amount of background blur for portrait photography.
It is praised as "one of the best general/multi-purpose lenses available", [1] [2] and ideal for available light photography on a Canon APS-C camera. [3]The fast f / 2.8 aperture, combined with 3-stop image stabilization, makes the 17–55 very useful in low light compared to an unstabilized f / 3.5–5.6 Canon EF-S 18–55mm lens, which is a frequent kit lens, and thus the 17–55 is much ...
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