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Cell-free protein synthesis, also known as in vitro protein synthesis or CFPS, is the production of protein using biological machinery in a cell-free system, that is, without the use of living cells. The in vitro protein synthesis environment is not constrained by a cell wall or homeostasis conditions necessary to maintain cell viability. [ 1 ]
[6] [7] The cell extract-based type are susceptible to problems like quick degradation of components outside their host, as shown in a study by Kitaoka et al. where a cell-free translation system based on Escherichia coli (E. coli), of the cell extract-based type, had the mRNA template degrade very quickly and led to the halt of protein synthesis.
Cell-free production of proteins is performed in vitro using purified RNA polymerase, ribosomes, tRNA and ribonucleotides. These reagents may be produced by extraction from cells or from a cell-based expression system. Due to the low expression levels and high cost of cell-free systems, cell-based systems are more widely used. [29]
The protein of interest is often expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter , a powerful constitutive promoter for driving expression in plants. [30] Localization signals may be attached to the protein of interest to cause accumulation to occur in a specific sub-cellular location, such as chloroplasts or vacuoles.
Cell-free protein array technology produces protein microarrays by performing in vitro synthesis of the target proteins from their DNA templates. This method of synthesizing protein microarrays overcomes the many obstacles and challenges faced by traditional methods of protein array production [1] that have prevented widespread adoption of protein microarrays in proteomics.
Cellular agriculture focuses on the production of agricultural products from cell cultures using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to create and design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture. [1]
Sutro's cell-free protein synthesis and site-specific conjugation platform, XpressCF+, contributed to the discovery of STRO-001 and STRO-002, internally-developed antibody drug conjugates, or ADCs. STRO-001 is an ADC targeting CD74, a protein highly expressed in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma , and is currently in a Phase I ...
ELABELA (ELA) (a.k.a. APELA) is an endogenous hormone that is secreted as a 32 amino acid micropeptide by human embryonic stem cells. [32] It is essential to maintain the self-renewal and pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells. Its signals in an autocrine fashion through the PI3/AKT pathway via an as yet unidentified cell surface receptor. [37]
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