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Rhizocephala are derived barnacles that are parasitic castrators. Their hosts are mostly decapod crustaceans, but include Peracarida, mantis shrimps and thoracican barnacles. Their habitats range from the deep ocean to freshwater. [1] [2] Together with their sister groups Thoracica and Acrothoracica, they make up the subclass Cirripedia. [3]
Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea. They are related to crabs and lobsters, with similar nauplius larvae. Barnacles are exclusively marine invertebrates; many species live in shallow and tidal waters. Some 2,100 species have been described.
Initially the larvae are brooded by the adult and after their first moult are released into the water column. There are five further nauplius stages during which the larvae feed, grow, moult, drift with the currents and form part of the zooplankton. The last stage cyprid larvae then settle out and attach themselves to a suitable substrate. [8]
Examination of the animal's gut contents show that it feeds on copepods, amphipods, barnacle larvae, small clams, polychaete worms and hydrozoans as well as detritus and algae. [8] Predators on gooseneck barnacles include the glaucous-winged gull ( Larus glaucescens ), the black oystercatcher ( Haematopus bachmani ), the ochre sea star ...
The adult barnacle bears no resemblance to an acorn barnacle, but the larval development is typical of a barnacle, with four nauplius larval stages and one cyprid larval stage. [2] The female cyprid larva of L. panopaei has a spear-like stylet.
Nauplius of A. modestus. A. modestus is a suspension feeder. It has feathery appendages which beat rhythmically to draw plankton and other organic particles into the shell for consumption. [6] Eggs are laid and develop into nauplius larvae which are released into the phytoplankton.
Sacculina carcini, the crab hacker barnacle, [2] is a species of parasitic barnacle in the family Sacculinidae, in particular a parasitic castrator, of crabs. The crab that most often is used as a host is the green crab , the natural range of which is the coasts of Europe and North Africa. [ 2 ]
Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice, sandhoppers), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian.
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