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  2. Ferrofluid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluid

    Ferrofluid is a liquid that is attracted to the poles of a magnet. It is a colloidal liquid made of nanoscale ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid (usually an organic solvent or water). [1] Each magnetic particle is thoroughly coated with a surfactant to inhibit clumping. Large ferromagnetic particles can be ...

  3. Electrorheological fluid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrorheological_fluid

    The ER fluid changes from a Newtonian liquid to a partially crystalline "semi-hard slush". However, an almost complete liquid to solid phase change can be obtained when the electrorheological fluid additionally experiences compressive stress. [15] This effect has been used to provide electrorheological Braille displays [16] and very effective ...

  4. Magnetorheological fluid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_fluid

    The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly improbable as developing a perpetual motion machine according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. Surfactant-aided prolonged settling is typically achieved in one of two ways: by addition of surfactants, and by addition of spherical ...

  5. Magnetohydrodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics

    The liquid outer core moves in the presence of the magnetic field and eddies are set up into the same due to the Coriolis effect. [18] These eddies develop a magnetic field which boosts Earth's original magnetic field—a process which is self-sustaining and is called the geomagnetic dynamo. [19] Reversals of Earth's magnetic field

  6. Fermi liquid theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_liquid_theory

    The Fermi liquid is qualitatively analogous to the non-interacting Fermi gas, in the following sense: The system's dynamics and thermodynamics at low excitation energies and temperatures may be described by substituting the non-interacting fermions with interacting quasiparticles, each of which carries the same spin, charge and momentum as the original particles.

  7. Permeability (electromagnetism) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability...

    Paramagnetic materials are attracted to magnetic fields, hence have a relative magnetic permeability greater than one (or, equivalently, a positive magnetic susceptibility). The magnetic moment induced by the applied field is linear in the field strength, and it is rather weak. It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the ...

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  9. Magnetic separation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_separation

    Magnetic separation is also used in situations where pollution needs to be controlled, in chemical processing, as well as during the benefaction of nonferrous low-grade ores. [1] Magnetic separation is also used in the following industries: dairy, grain and milling, plastics, food, chemical, oils, textile, and more.