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The orchidometer can be used to accurately determine size of testes. Discrepancy of testicular size with other parameters of maturation can be an important clue to various diseases. Small testes can indicate either primary or secondary hypogonadism. Testicular size can help distinguish between different types of precocious puberty.
Photos of the Tanner scale for males. Tanner I testicular volume less than 1.5 ml; small penis (prepubertal) Tanner II testicular volume between 1.6 and 6 ml; skin on scrotum thins, reddens and enlarges; penis length unchanged
However, the most accurate calculation of actual testicular volume is gained from the formula: [2] An average adult testicle measures up to 5 cm × 2 cm × 3 cm (2 in × 3 ⁄ 4 in × 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in).
In addition, testicular atrophy can be recognized as greater than 50% loss of testicular volume or a post-operative testicle with less than 25% of the volume of the opposite testicle. [23] Online calculators have been developed to estimate testicular volume based on sonographic measurements. [24]
The correct final value from the calculation is compared with an age percentile table that shows how much a child exceeds the percentage of children his age for testicular volume. [4] Testicular volume changes throughout a male’s life and is as follows: [11] Childhood: 1 - 3 ml; Early adolescence (puberty begins, 10 to 13 years): 4 - 6 ml
Spermatozoa formed in the testis enter the caput epididymidis, progress to the corpus, and finally reach the cauda region, where they are stored. Sperm entering the caput epididymidis are incomplete—they lack the ability to swim forward (motility) and to fertilize an egg. Epididymal transit takes 2 to 6 days in humans and 10–13 in rodents. [7]
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Testicular torsion occurs most commonly at 12 to 18 years but can occur at any age. Torsion results in swelling and edema of the testis, and as the edema increases, testicular perfusion is further altered. The extent of testicular ischemia depends on the degree of torsion, which ranges from 180° to 720° or greater.